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Harper’s Ferry October 1862 [The letter did not indicate the actual date, just October 1862.]  Dr. Robert Bell Report is that Jackson is within 3 miles of our picket lines with 40,000 men tonight. We have got a small force but I would rather we would make a stand and fight than run before Old Jackson. I have but little faith in running when it is so muddy as it is. Now the Fall rains have just commenced and this day is just as slippery as glass. Give my respects to Mrs. Bell. I get once in a while a newspaper and they are very exceptionable for we get few newspapers but what we get from home. John Boyes owes me $12 and it should be given to father to use for his needs for winter. By that time should have the bounty money if survive till then. The Lord only knows when we will get our pay. Tell father he must feel easy about me for if the Lord spares me my health and grace to sustain me I will be all right if Jackson comes or stays. There is one thing I thank the Lord for, I have not got much of that slavish fear. I feel quite as cool under a good shower of shells as anyone around me. I am a little nervous, but not afraid of anything but a hard march. Well I must close for I have made far more scratches than amounts to anything but it is all the same postage.

Commentary

Dr. Robert Bell lived in Monterey, Town of Orange, Schuyler co., NY.  He was born August 24, 1815, in County Down, Ireland, about 12 miles from the City of Belfast (now Northern Ireland, or Ulster).  He was the son of William Bell and Elizabeth Graham.  He was 12 years old when his family left Ireland and landed in St. Johns, New Brunswick in 1827. His mother was the sister of James Graham, William’s father. Therefore, Dr. Bell was William’s cousin.

Looking east from Harpers Ferry. Maryland Heights on the left.

Harper's Ferry was a key site in both the war and its preceding events. On October 16, 1859, the radical abolitionist John Brown led a group of 22 men in a raid on the arsenal at Harpers Ferry. U.S. Army Colonel Robert E. Lee was assigned as commander of federal forces along with Lieutenant J. E. B. Stuart as his aide-de-camp. Following an army assault, Brown was captured, tried for treason and hung.

Maryland Heights today

The 107th was on duty at the Maryland Heights fortification at Harper’s Ferry September 22-October 29, 1862. Picket duty at Harpers Ferry followed the end of the Maryland Campaign, considered one of the major turning points of the Civil War.

The Battle of Antietam on September 16 to 18, 1862 was the key battle of the Maryland Campaign. This was the battle in which William and the 107th NY Regiment experienced its first trial by fire. William's statement regarding coolness "under a good shower of shells" was based on actual experience in what was later determined to be the bloodiest day of the war - September 17, 1862.

Stone bridge at Antietam soon after the battle

According to the battle summary, although outnumbered two-to-one, Lee committed his entire force, while McClellan sent in less than three-quarters of his army, enabling Lee to fight the Federals to a standstill. During the night, both armies consolidated their lines. In spite of crippling casualties, Lee continued to skirmish with McClellan throughout the 18th, while removing his wounded south of the river. McClellan did not renew the assaults. After dark, Lee ordered withdrawal of his army.

William's report on Jackson's near presence was probably erronious since Lee had withdrawn the battered Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac into the Shenandoah Valley.

Bounty money was simply a sum of money offered to any eligible man for volunteering. Bounties existed on the federal, state and more importantly, local levels. The bounty usually took the form of $50, $200, $300, $1000 cash amounts that would only be paid to the man after he volunteered. As Eugene Murdock notes, “It had the expected results, men volunteered, and it became the standard method of obtaining troops.

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Harper’s Ferry 10-12-1862 Dr. Robert Bell I seat myself this sabath morning to [perform] a pleasant duty, the answering of your kind and ever welcome letter which I received a few days ago. It might be questioned by some whether it is a duty to write on the sabath, but soldiers are creatures of circumstance as much so I think as any other class of human beings. Sunday is the only day they feel halfway sure that if they commence a letter that they will get a chance to finish it. When we are in camp Sundays our duties are reduced down to cleaning our guns and other accoutrements, appearing on dress parades, and attending to divine service. Unluckily we have none [of the latter], our chaplain having gone to Washington. Our boys care little where the chaplain is, especially our company. It is the first company in the regiment and I think it would be the first company anywhere where blacklegs, blackguards and loafers generally are. There is a great deal of sickness in our regiment at present. Fever seems to be the prevailing disease. With the exception of desertion, that seems to reduce the regiment almost as fast as anything else. If our boys continue desert[ing] and die[ing] and get away from here one way or another for a year according to the last two weeks, it will be known only as a thing that has been. Some blame the physicians. One trouble is there is not [accommodations?] for them. Oh sir I have wished many times you were here. It is not so hard work to be a surgeon of a regiment, as you would think. They have three or four assistants. He [surgeon] has as good accommodations as the colonel. He lives on the best and his uniform is the most gaudy. Now when I was in Elmira I sent that $30 with Scobey and he went away. After he had gone I began to think that I had more money than I ought to carry with me. Henry [Kleckler?] was there so I handed $5 to him and told him to hand it to you for me. Now as you say he has not done it. I will write and have him do it at once. I wrote a letter to you after I wrote the one on the battlefield (This missing letter must have been about Antietam). It was a little plainer than the others but you did not speak of it in your last. So I guess it did not go through. Yesterday was the first I and my [partner?] has had a [bath?] in four or five weeks and no extra clothing except our overcoats. One of my messmates is gone to the hospital sick with the fever. He is a boy that Kleckler’s folks brought up, a relative of Mrs. Kleckler’s. I got a letter from John Boyes the other day. He said his Uncle Thomas’ crops turned out very poor. I should have been afraid that his financial affair[s] would bother him but he has been in such fix so long that there still seems to be a way for him to get out. I was sorry to hear that Mrs. Bell has been sick but glad to hear that she is getting better. I would say to her that I [am unworthy of] the deep interest that she takes of my welfare. There is nothing does a soldier more good than a kind word from a worthy friend at home.

Commentary

Dr. Robert Bell was William Graham’s cousin. William’s father James was the brother of Robert’s mother Elizabeth. Robert’s biography can be found in the Schuyler County Biographical Record published in 1903.

William Graham, based on his words, is a man of strong religious beliefs. Given the religious ferment of the time, and his descendants' church membership in Schuyler County, he may have been Methodist or Free Methodist in religion.

Frequently in his letters, William’s words relate an almost clinical contempt for his fellow soldiers. Incidently, blackleg is a British term for a strikebreaker or swindler. A blackguard is a low, contemptible person

The sickness while the regiment was at Harpers Ferry resulted in the death of many of William Graham’s fellow soldiers. It also ultimately put him in the hospital for more than six months.

The ills and sanitary conditions prevalent in the Harpers Ferry area at the time did not improve in the next month. The following excerpt from a contemporaneous letter written on November 10, 1862 by Isabella Fogg is most revealing:

We did what we could for his comfort and then proceeded to Harpers Ferry. Here the sick are in a fearful condition, in every old house and church and hundreds on the ground. You no doubt think your ladies in Washington are doing a great work, but I can assure you, if they were here, they would find the stern reality of want, privation and extreme suffering. We visited the sick of the 19th in care of Dr. Hawes, asst. surgeon, he has upwards of 50, does all in his power for their comfort. At Gen. Slocum's request we went over to Loudin Valley to learn the condition of several hundreds, who had been sent the day previous without any preparation. We found them lying on the ground, in all directions, many convalescent, but a great many very low. At this time no surgeons, nurses or cooks were on the ground and hard bread their only food.

Schuyler County in 1854

In 1860, next door to Henry Kleckler lived George Kleckler age 65 and family, including a Samuel Green, age 16. Samuel Green is listed in the National Park database as serving with the 107^th regiment during the Civil War and is likely the boy with fever who William Graham mentions.

John Boyes was likely the nephew of Thomas Boyes, with whose family William lived as a farm laborer in the Town of Orange in 1860. The experience living with Thomas must have made him quite knowledgeable of his affairs.

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Harper’s Ferry 10-20-1862 Libbie Graham Received your kind and welcome letter last night. My health is good. It is hard enough for a well man with very cold nights here and we have been very poorly provided for cold weather up till now. We have got It a little more comfortable and not as sickly as it was. Our company is detailed to chop [wood?]. I have been chopping each day and feel better chopping than doing other duty. Guy Adams is well and all the other boys. I am sorry to hear that Anna turns out so. I supposed she was a good hearted girl. I will tell you once for all that a girl don’t get [any the start off?] me in playing deception. I make all necessary allowance for that. Sister you say she has proved deceitful to you. Well I don’t doubt it. Yet I think you might have had confidence enough in me to have told me what she has done against you. There is one thing more that I would say about Anna. You got me to send my likeness to her. I had not [intended?] and something I could have used to advantage elsewhere. Tell me something about father whether you see or hear from him or not. Sister you never said whether you received a letter from me or not. I have written one to you every week and sometimes more since I have been here. I am very thankful for the papers you send me. I wish you could get the [Independent?] I think I would like to see one. We hear that a leutenant and private out of the Havanna Company were taken prisoners by the rebels. They were out looking for bread about four miles. I think I have scribbled off this in such a hurry that I don’t know whether you can read it or not.

Commentary

Elizabeth (Libbie) Graham is William’s only sister. In 1855 Elizabeth Graham (age 17) is shown as living in Dix, Schuyler County adopted by farmers Andrew (age 28) and Harriet (age 28) Scoby. She is living not far from the Platt’s, whose daughter Mary would eventually marry William after the Civil War. In 1860 Elizabeth Graham is a domestic living still with the Scoby couple. Brother William Graham sends his respects to the Scoby’s in an undated letter to Libbie (Elizabeth) thought to be sent in the winter of 1863 or 1864.

The 107th was on duty at the Maryland Heights fortification at Harpers Ferry September 22 to October 29, 1862. William's health would not remain good for long.

Ruins of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Viaduct at Harpers Ferry, destroyed by Confederate forces

Guy C. Adams is recorded as being with the 107th by the Nat’l Park Service database. Like William, he went in as a private and out as a Sergeant. Guy Adams (age 15) is listed in 1860 Census living in Town of Dix with father John Adams (age 57) a farmer, Harriet (age 37), Lucy (age 17).

The amount of letter correspondence mentioned by William is certainly not represented by the letters that have survived to our knowledge. At one per week, William's three year service should have resulted in some 150 letters. The 16 or 17 letters that we know have survived represent about ten percent of that potential treasure trove.

Not sure of the reference to the Independent newspaper. Although one source contains a list of Civil War newspapers from New York, including the Independent.

Havana Company was one of those in the 107th Regiment. The companies of the 107th NY Regiment were recruited principally: A, B, C, D and E at Elmira; F at Addison, Cameron and Campbell; G at Elmira, Bath and Hammondsport; H at Havana and Elmira; I at Corning, Wayland and West Union; and K at Hornellsville, Howard, Elmira and Canisteo.

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Camp near Antietam 11-18-1862 Dr. Robert Bell I have been so busy lately that had no time to write before. We were ordered to leave old camp at Maryland Heights very unexpectedly after spending so much time fixing up comfortable quarters. After we came here we had to go to work and build huts. So every spell when we were not on duty we were busy. Four or five goes in together and builds a log hut 7x9 feet. They build the walls about 5 feet and cover with shelter tents. We carry the logs primarily on our backs. I had bad luck with mine. I helped build one and my partners proved so rough and disagreeable that concluded to secede and I and another fellow built one for ourselves. Now we have got a board shanty nearly finished. The boards are pieces of cracker boxes. I don’t think it will ever be air tight yet it will be quite comfortable winter quarters if the Lord and Uncle Abe allow us to stay here. Colonel Diven says he has no doubt of it. Have been expecting 30,000 rebel cavalry to cross here and in case they do we will have to fall back. We were ordered up at midnight the other night to pack our knapsacks and be ready at a moments notice to retreat. But thank the Lord neither wars nor rumors of wars scares me any now. My health not so good as common the last 2 or 3 weeks, but think that improving. I was on picket the last 28 hours so I feel rather sleepy. Oh I almost forgot to tell you that I have been promoted to corporal. I knew nothing about it until evening dress parade 2 weeks ago. I heard it announced that I was second corporal by order of the Colonel. The office don’t amount to much but a person has to be that before he is anything higher. My duty is a good deal lighter. I have no heavy work to do only to take charge of a squad of men. Yet the responsibility is more. Package of several cakes sent to me by sister Libbie today. Came in a box belonging to another fellow from Townsend. Many boys have received boxes of dried fruit and butter and such luxuries. The people of Elmira sent us potatoes, onions and a little whisky which made a first rate change. We expect soft bread next week. The colonel says he is going to give us soft bread two days of the week which will make it more like home. Have not got all the letters and papers that have been sent to me but think things will get straighten around before long. I wrote to Henry Kleck? and he sent me the $5 that he owed me. I needed some money very much to buy tobacco and a little soft bread and a few necessary things. Uncle Sam has not paid us a cent yet. I wrote to John Ross to send me a pair of boots, gloves, pepper, etc. and send me the amount of what will be left. I must have a ruber(?) blanket if I live in order to secure health.

Commentary

Antietam is about eight (8) miles north of the river at Harpers Ferry.

A log hut as described by William can be seen in a least one Civil War photograph as shown below. The hut is to the far right.

Log hut in a military camp on the Tennessee River

Alexander S. Diven became a Civil War Union Brevet Brigadier General and a US Congressman. He was a member of the New York State Senate in 1858 and in 1861, was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-seventh Congress, serving until 1863. During his term, he was commissioned as Colonel of the 107th New York Volunteer Infantry, the corps he organized at the start of the war. He commanded the administration duties of the 107th New York and was brevetted Brigadier General of US Volunteers in April 1864. After the war he was the vice-president of the Erie railroad and the Mayor of Elmira, New York.

William's health would not improve. Shortly after this letter was written, William was sent to the hospital for almost eight months - December 1862 to August 1863.

The basic rations of both armies consisted of four items. These were hardbread, beef, beans and coffee.

Hardtack (hardbread) was a biscuit made of flour with other simple ingredients, and issued to Union soldiers throughout the war. Hardtack crackers made up a large portion of a soldier's daily ration. It was square or sometimes rectangular in shape with small holes baked into it, similar to a large soda cracker. Large factories in the north baked hundreds of hardtack crackers every day, packed them in wooden crates and shipped them out by wagon or rail.

According to army regulations for camp rations, a Union soldier was entitled to receive daily 12 oz of pork or bacon or 1 lb. 4 oz of fresh or salt beef; 1 lb. 6 oz of soft bread or flour, 1 lb. of hard bread, or 1 lb. 4 oz of cornmeal. Per every 100 rations there was issued 1 peck of beans or peas; 10 lb. of rice or hominy; 10 lb. of green coffee, 8 lb. of roasted and ground coffee, or 1 lb. 8 oz of tea; 15 lb. of sugar; 1 lb. 4 oz of candles, 4 lb. of soap; 1 qt of molasses. In addition to or as substitutes for other items, desiccated vegetables, dried fruit, pickles, or pickled cabbage might be issued.

The marching ration consisted of 1 lb. of hard bread, 3/4 lb. of salt pork or 1 1/4 lb. of fresh meat, plus the sugar, coffee, and salt. Soldiers of both armies relied to a great extent on food sent from home and on the ubiquitous Sutler - a person who followed the army and sold provisions to the soldiers..

In the 1870 census there is a farmer John Ross (age 64) listed in Reading, Schuyler County with a Tyrone Post Office.

The rubber blanket probably refers to a blanket, usually in poncho form, made waterproof by being treated with rubber. During the 1850s a great deal of experimentation with various materials for military equipment led to the decision that gum rubber was quite a fine material for many purposes. Goodyear's earlier patent for the vulcanization of rubber made the gum (or gum rubber) blanket a natural for the Civil War armies. Not only are they useful as ground cloths, or to make into "shebangs" (Civil War soldier term for shelter), they are good rainwear when draped over the body and tied or buttoned in front.

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Fort Schuyler (convalescing from illness)  3-4-1863 Dr. Robert Bell  Have been waiting for a letter from you. Thought that could get one here easier than the other places I have been. Was quite unwell for some time after I came here. Thankful to say that I am a great deal better although digestive organs are weak yet.  Like it better here than when first came here. But we are kept like convicts. We have like 10 acres within the guard lines. But we may be thankful we are as well off as we are for we have plenty to eat and comfortable places to sleep with good medical care attendance. They grant us once in a while a pass of 24 hours but that is all.  Don’t think I will get a furlow this spring. It will be a while before I return to my regiment even if I continue improving. I would like to go home to see you all this spring. I would like to see father. But if I can not it will not be my fault.  I would like to have you write me and tell me how the people feel about the draft and how they are on the war in general. The war is an eyesore to the soldiers in the field as far as I can see here. For my part I don’t know what to think of it. It looks dark to me.  We were mustered in for pay and it is the opinion of everyone that we will get it before the 20th. If so, I will try to get a pass and get to the city and send the money to you by express. If you want me to buy anything for you send word what. There is some of our boys quite handy at making rings. They sell them and make money. I thought I would have a couple made for you and Mrs. Bell. I know you have no taste for such trifling things but please accept this black one to remember me by and Mrs. Bell the white one. Tell her she must not put it in hot water for it might turn yellow. You will find them enclosed in this letter.  Tell father how I am. I was thinking if he had some good liquor it would be good for him. If you think so send it to him without asking him. This is all.

Commentary

Fort Schuyler, during the American Civil War, included the MacDougall Hospital which had a capacity of 2,000 beds. It can be safely assumed this is where William received his medical care.

Union soldiers in a Washington, DC hospital

Fort Schuyler also held as many as 500 prisoners of war from the Confederate States Army and military convicts from the Union Army. This is most likely why William felt kept like a convict at Fort Schuyler.

Fort Schuyler was a location where units heading to war would rendezvous and be outfitted and trained before being deployed. From January 1863 until July 1865, the Fort was garrisoned by the 20th Independent Battery, New York Volunteer Artillery, a unit originally recruited to fight in the war. Duty at the fort was reported to be a dull assignment as the men took the roles of guards and hospital stewards, not artillerymen.

William's discussion of the military draft was probably related to the action in Washington, DC the day before. The Enrollment and Conscription Act was passed by Congress on March 3, 1863.

There was no general military draft in America until the Civil War. The Confederacy passed its first of 3 conscription acts in April 1862, and scarcely a year later the Union began conscripting men. Government officials plagued with manpower shortages regarded drafting as the only means of sustaining an effective army and hoped it would spur voluntary enlistments.

Rioters and Federal troops clash in July 1863

But compulsory service embittered the public, who considered it an infringement on individual free will and personal liberty and feared it would concentrate arbitrary power in the military. Believing with some justification that unwilling soldiers made poor fighting men, volunteer soldiers despised conscripts. Conscription also undercut morale, as soldiers complained that it compromised voluntary enlistments and appeared as an act of desperation in the face of repeated military defeats.

Conscription nurtured substitutes, bounty-jumping, and desertion. Charges of class discrimination were leveled against both Confederate and Union draft laws since exemption and commutation clauses allowed propertied men to avoid service, thus laying the burden on immigrants and men with few resources. Occupational, only-son, and medical exemptions created many loopholes in the laws. Doctors certified healthy men unfit for duty, while some physically or mentally deficient conscripts went to the front after sham examinations. Enforcement presented obstacles of its own; many conscripts simply failed to report for duty. Several states challenged the draft's legality, trying to block it and arguing over the quota system. Unpopular, unwieldy, and unfair, conscription raised more discontent than soldiers.

Under the Union draft act men faced the possibility of conscription in July 1863 and in Mar., July, and Dec. 1864. Draft riots ensued, notably in New York in 1863. Of the 249,259 18-to-35-year-old men whose names were drawn, only about 6% served, the rest paying commutation or hiring a substitute.

The first Confederate conscription law also applied to men between 18 and 35, providing for substitution (repealed Dec. 1863) and exemptions. A revision, approved 27 Sept. 1862, raised the age to 45; 5 days later the legislators passed the expanded Exemption Act. The Conscription Act of Feb. 1864 called all men between 17 and 50. Conscripts accounted for one-fourth to one-third of the Confederate armies east of the Mississippi between Apr. 1864 and early 1865.